Point out the homeland of the Dinkain southern Sudan along the White Nile. Another Hollow Peace Deal Signed in South Sudan, Political Splintering at the Root of Failing South Sudanese Peace Deals, South Sudan's Splintered Opposition: Preventing More Conflict, Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan's Equatoria, South Sudan's Second Decade May Be As Troubled As Its First, Deadly Clashes Threaten South Sudan's Shaky Peace Deal, South Sudan, The World's Youngest Country, Is Deep in Crisis, By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. In all the societies descent was reckoned in the male line, but the significance of such agnatic ties among kin groups differed from one society to another. 30.2.2: Rising Discontent in Russia. In the midst of chaos, Kiir announced that Machar had attempted a coup and violence spread quickly to Jonglei, Upper Nile, and Unity states. Popular music, hip hop, Southern Sudanese modern music, and modern tribal music are popular among the Sudanese youth today, especially in the urban areas. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us. Sudan has one of Africas best basketball teams. Sudan has been in the midst of a political crisis since long-serving ruler Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in April. The long transition period is seen as a victory for the pro-democracy movement - the generals had threatened a snap election after the 3 June crackdown. Then discuss the historical, cultural, and geographic factors that contributed to Sudans civil war and some of the consequences the civil warwhich lasted over twenty yearshad on Sudan and its peoples, including orphaned children, violence, famine, and disease. And the political competition within the ruling party intensifiednot only between President Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar, but also with other members of the political elite. They may attack with little or no warning, targeting foreign and local government facilities, and areas frequented by Westerners. Tell students that they will see an excerpt, called "From Sudan to the United States." Girls play in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan on July 24, 2014. This briefing helps set the stage for a better understanding of the underlying causes of unrest by surveying some of the key statistics and data on the key trends in demographics, economics, internal security and justice systems, governance, and social change, and showing how they affect both the region and differ by individual nation. Among the Otoro there were patrilineal clans of various size. The following discussion of three of those cultures merely suggests some rather prominent cultural patterns that are illustrative of the wide range present. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. by Olivia Angelino, Thomas J. Bollyky, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli In October 2021, the Sudanese National Chamber of Importers stated that the one month disruption at Port Sudan had cost up to USD65 million daily to the Sudanese economy, with over 900 containers stuck at the port. The August 2015 peace agreement simply cannot be implemented: it was based on three false premises. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder It found crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by all sides. by Kali Robinson A brideprice is paid by the groom to the brides family before marriage in exchange for their daughter. In 1991 his forces were involved in a major massacre of Dinkas, the largest ethnic group in South Sudan. Later that month, Kiir and Machar signed the Khartoum Declaration of Agreement that included a cease-fire and a pledge to negotiate a power-sharing agreement to end the war. Backgrounder The excerpt includes stories from the Kakuma refugee camp. Explain that there is a group of over 25,000 young Dinka men who ran away from a civil war. In South Sudan, it was just either stolen by elites or spent on the military. private sector to meet surges in . Porridge made of corn or wheat might also be consumed with stews. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Video, 00:17:58Sudans livestream massacre, Rape and the revolution: 'They were crying and screaming', Human error to blame for train crash - Greek PM, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. Have students add routes from New York City to those states. The National Culture Policy is a timely and vital policy for peace-building and for the sustainable development of the Republic of South Sudan. Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 2013, the United States supported and advocated for the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM), which became the new countrys government. Paramilitary organisations and various Islamist militias hold some sway. And then, inevitably, the conflict became primarily Nuer versus Dinka [the predominant ethnic group supporting President Kiir], though if you look at any particular locality you will find that its not that simplethat there are some Nuer groups and some members of the Nuer elite that, for whatever reason, have brought their communities onto the government side. However, reports of continued attacks and violations, coupled with the collapse of multiple previous peace deals, highlight concerns that the fragile peace may not hold. An armed insurgency being led in the south of the country by Thomas Cirillo, who leads the group known as the National Salvation Front (NSF), poses a severe threat to civilians and further threatens the peace process. Traditionally, among the Otoro there were no political offices, only a special hereditary ritual officethat of chief of the Path, who acted as intermediary in peace negotiations between conflicting parties. person who moves to a new country or region. By reducing the distance to water points and fencing them in, women are at far lower risk of being attacked. They have lost a lot of face and have been discredited. The tribe was divided into two sections, each of which was divided into a further five sections, each comprising major lineages, camps, and extended families. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, Understanding the Roots of Conflict in South Sudan, Security forces patrol the Dar Petroleum Operating Company oil production operated in Palogue oil field within Upper Nile State in South Sudan, September 7, 2016. One issue here is, yes, just the general impunity that these combatants have enjoyed. In 2014, the AU itself carried out an investigation into violations of human rights and international humanitarian law during the armed conflict. First, that the political rivals could reconcile and resolve their differences. UNMISS began to scale back personnel at these civilian protection sites in Fall 2020 in favor of responding more flexibly to violence in the country, raising questions about the return of refugees and government provision of security across the country. A leader of the Nuer, the second largest ethnic group in South Sudan, he had split from the SPLM and fought against it for years during the civil war. Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers and a journalist leave a helicopter after a flight to Bor, in Juba, South Sudan on January 25, 2014. by Lindsay Maizland Soldiers from the Dinka ethnic group aligned with Kiir and those from the Nuer ethnic group supported Machar. Women are expected to look after the household and bring up children. It was five times than in Uganda. You cannot download interactives. And then Riek Machar, not having the wherewithal of the government, not having the resources that the government had to try and construct a multiethnic coalition by buying in diverse members of the elite, immediately fell back upon ethnic mobilization because it was very quick and it was very cheap. But the army is not a unified force in Sudan. Protestors targeted the regime of Sudan's longtime president, Omar al-Bashir, winning his ouster after three decades of rule on April 11, 2019. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. 5. Sudanese society is patriarchal in nature. Since then, for over 75 years, across 100 countries, World Relief has partnered with local churches and communities to develop sustainable, locally-driven solutions to some of our worlds greatest problems. Our emergency response thus far has included provision of potable water andemergency latrines, hygiene promotion training, mobile health services for pregnant women and children under fiveand distribution of basic non-food items for 39,000 internally displaced persons. Most South Sudanese people share a cultural connection based on their common practice of Christianity, and the experience of struggle and liberation from North Sudan. Critical food shortages have continued since then, with UN officials warning that 2021 may be the worst year yet, with more than eight million people in need of humanitarian assistance. President Salva Kiirs big tent policy, which in practice meant using state funds to buy loyalties by licensing corruption, required a large income, which no longer existed. Though largely taking a back seat in mediation efforts run by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and neighboring countries, the United States and its international partners have an interest in ensuring a lasting settlement to the conflict in South Sudan, addressing the humanitarian crisis caused by the war, and preventing destabilizing regional spillover. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. The recent rapes and beatings of aid workers and civilians by soldiers at a Juba hotel have been linked to a lack of accountability for human rights violations during Sudans decades-long civil war. 1145 17th Street NW It is affecting Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sudan and it is keeping regional rivalries alive that have other destabilizing consequences. A crisis was only a matter of time. Students may respond with examples of cultural markers, such as music, food, fashion, language, or slang. The reason things turned from a political crisis to a war was not because of ethnic divisions, but because the army was not a professionalized, institutionalized army, but rather a collection of militia., The reason things turned from a political crisis to a war was not because of ethnic divisions as such, but because the army was not a professionalized, institutionalized army, but rather a collection of militia, each of which was organized on the basis of personal loyalty to its commanderin effect, ethnically based armed units. How much has that war shaped the actions of combatants in South Sudan today? Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? If there are, ask if any would be willing to visit your school and speak with students. So South Sudan should, in my view, be suspended from the African Union. February 14, 2023 Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. Newsroom| If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. These water points are fenced, to reduce the possibility of violence around these areas, as violence towards women is common when women travel outside of their villages to collect water. Then they watch an excerpt from the film, God Grew Tired of Us, and write about it. A council of generals assumed power on 11 April but it has struggled to return normality to the country. Extended families are more common in rural areas than in urban localities. They discuss the concept of a diaspora and the challenges of displacement. February 13, 2023 In conformity, tribalism refers to a cultural term, a way of thinking or behaving in which people are more loyal to their tribes than to their friends, countries or social groups. The other teams included South Africa, Ethiopia, and Egypt. To move toward peace in South Sudan, "the initiative should be taken at the African level, particularly by the African Union," says de Waal. Jeanne Wallace-Weaver, Educational Consultant. The AU, based on its earlier investigation, has every reason for saying these crimes are being committed and it should intervene. National Council for Social Studies Curriculum Standards, Activity 2: Mapping the Migration of the Lost Boys, Activity 3: Cultural Identity of the Lost Boys. The United States was a lead facilitator of South Sudanese independence, which was decided in a 2011 referendum, and provided diplomatic support and humanitarian aid. All rights reserved. 4. Five days later, the military announced that the president had been overthrown. The organization of a surra depended on the number of cattle and the distribution of their ownership among the surras members. A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. by Lindsay Maizland Have students watch the excerpt and write about it.Show students the excerpt and have them list their questions about the video and its content as they watch. If not, contact one of the Lost Boys groups with active websites and establish a pen-pal correspondence between them and your students. The military has also faced international condemnation for the attack on protesters on 3 June, with the UK saying the military council bore "full responsibility". Increasing intercommunal violence and attacks, the threat of the peace process unraveling, and dire humanitarian conditions across large swaths of South Sudan has placed renewed urgency on improving security and meeting basic protection needs for South Sudans civilians. Code of Ethics| Among the many projects to provide for the immediate needs of displaced people, the emergency response team is working to ensure that all people in displacement camps have a clean water source less than 1km from their temporary dwelling. Since reprioritizing protection, the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan has faced extreme challenges due to the deterioration of the security situation and its complex relationship with the government of the Republic of South Sudan. Terracotta sculptures from Sudan are also noteworthy. Oral literature from Sudan includes mythological stories and religious tales. Some popular beverages of Sudan are fruit juices, a drink called Hilumur made of corn flour and spices, Sudanese coffee, fruit, and herbal teas, etc. what new things the Lost Boys experienced on the journey from Kenya to the U.S. explain who the Lost Boys of Sudan are and how they got that name, locate northern Sudan, southern Sudan, and the Dinka homeland on a world map, describe the experiences of the Lost Boys in Sudan and after they fled Sudan, Tech Setup: 1 computer per classroom, Projector, Speakers. Total of 237,000 people displaced by conflict in the Darfur region in the first 4 months of 2021 which is more than 4 times those displaced by conflict in all of 2020. The cuisine of the country is as varied as the countrys geography and diverse ethnic communities. Cousin marriage, sororate (customary marriage with a deceased wifes sister), levirate (customary marriage to an elder brothers widow), and polygyny were practiced. 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