(After the Berlin Senate passed the rent freeze, Deutsche Wohnens stock price dropped, and some property owners rushed to raise rents while they still could.) BlackRock holds a roughly ten-per-cent stake, Massachusetts Financial Services Corporation another ten, and Norwegian Bank an additional 6.9 per cent. Both sides of the city benefited from community groups coming together with strong support from the federal government to regenerate Berlins heart, where the wall once stood. The aim was : outside old building- inside new building. Division of the city and the building of the Wall in 1961. Urban regeneration brings back underutilized assets and redistributes opportunities, increasing urban prosperity and quality of life. The Reconstruction of West Berlin After the total political separation between East and West Berlin in 1949, West Berlin became the 'shop front' of the Western world. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Architecture and a Master of Arts degree in Historical Urban Studies. Pacific Region, Arab Learn, Urban Agenda GCC, Saudi All of them have high costruction cost, high rent for flats, and eviction of tenants. They give importance to the local peoples needs. A lawyer at the neighborhood association told them that they were luckyother property companies have affixed giant advertisements to the fronts of their buildings, so that it was dark inside during the day, and, at night, when the ads were illuminated, the apartments were flooded with light. size per capita, are more effective measures of the delivery of ecosystem services, especially related to public health and human well being. Droits d'auteur 20102023, The Conversation France (assoc. Since the late 1990s, Fener and Balat, two adjacent historic neighborhoods on the shoreline of the Golden Horn (Hali) in stanbul, have been the stage of urban regeneration efforts. Last New Years Eve was my first in Berlin. Change in the European Industrial City (Charles Fraser). The patterndrill, taghad been stamped, Warhol style, across the entire faade. Kreuzberg is adjoint to the Berlin centre and it completed the urban fabric in 1910. 4. The URBES project focusses on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services and NBS, institutions, economics and resilience science and worked to translate research insights into principles, landscape designs and applications. Value: unknown. ), Peters argues that the movement also hampers companies revenue prospects. (A lawyer for WIBE declined to comment.). The conditions related to the urban space and . Platform, Urban Resilience It became the hip part of town with cultural capital that attracted young professionals with financial capital, and its gentrification radiated, like Brooklyns, slowly outward. It aims to create connectivity across the city and a 'green belt' as a border boundary for urban growth and a protection against urban sprawl. As of ten years ago, apartments in various atrophied East Berlin neighborhoods had smog-emitting wood-burning stoves and shared water closets in the hallways. Through community mobilization, the eKhaya neighbourhood regeneration program has influenced the re-development of other declining areas in the City of Johannesburg. Located on the Western side of the Iron Curtains demilitarised border zone, the neighbourhood was a rundown frontier precinct. . The standard of new buildings should include central heating, balconies, fitted kitchens, new floor, and each flat has its own bath and toilet. The another issueis the new buildings in old surrounding. Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany with a population of 3.4 million people. THis building is for old people. Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Toronto, Amsterdam, Belfast, Seattle, Dublin and Istanbul. Its like theyre not even trying. Shortly afterward, the company informed them that the faade was now more than ten-per-cent damaged. They dont want to destruction (especially these people includes students, workers, and poor family because they dont want to give up their homes and works. While the rigid window pattern is meant to blend in with its surroundings, the curvilinear form is intended to be a reference to German Expressionism, and thus contrasts with its surroundings. 3. Urban Policy, Resilience To innovate the social and economic challenges of urban development and to rejuvenate the physical and environmental aspects of the city, the concept of urban regeneration is initiated. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. 100% of our total development pipeline has achieved or is targeting green certification. Download Free PDF. Organic transformations, to discover how each approach can create varying social outcomes. La Rambla: plans to transform Barcelona's tourist rat run into a cultural . Africa, South The firm, which is publicly traded, is built to produce dividends for shareholders, the largest of which are financial entities. Entitled " Urban Regeneration Strategies for Local Development and Cases '', Robin's lecture introduced the policies and planning concepts enshrined in major European cities. The rents would rise accordinglyby nearly fifty per cent. Urban regeneration, which implies a certain type of change from what has previously existed, requires fundamental understandings of previous problematic ways of thinking for a meaningful change, as. One of the tenants, Felix Gaedtke, led me into his vintage-parqueted, high-ceilinged living room. 5. As a foreigner in Berlin, I know I am disturbing a delicate ecosystem, and I rely on my boyfriend, who is German, to negotiate a fair rent. Urban regeneration requires the involvement of different stakeholders and expertise. Today its almost impossible to imagine that, just 30 years ago, Kreuzberg was at the front line of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. WIBEs lawyer had offered Gaedtke and his wife several opportunities to break their lease. All too often, its a process that occurs along lines of class, race and ethnicity. Article . Though inequalities still exist, Kreuzbergs pivotal shift from the front line of the Cold War, to the centrepiece of a united and vibrant urban core, has shown that urban planning and policy can be critical tools in designing an effective, attractive, functional city. Its roots can be traced back to the 1970s when many cities in Britain and the United States started initiatives, referred to as "urban renewal" or "area improvement . The proportion of migrant population is at about 52%. Famous as the lifeline for West Berlin during the Cold War, Tempelhof's airfield had become the city's biggest park. The concept of ecosystem services, how-ever, may provide a useful argument to promote the conservation of existing urban green spaces and tocommunicate the benefits that urban nature provides for citizens to all levels of green space governance. (In April, Deutsche Wohnen told the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel that affected residents would have their rents reduced.). Set against this context, this paper analyzes a case study, the Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, which was established on a former brownfield site. Urban dwellers and their forest in Berlin (. The wall, still in its earliest stage, is only about chin high, and a flock of G.D.R. Google Scholar New East Manchester Limited (2004) New East Manchester (ed) The New Town in the City. This study of Berlin, after German unification, examines and makes proposals for distressed areas where there is a need for targeted regeneration measures. Urban regeneration in Japan. The post examines two diverse regeneration approaches; i. State-led projects and ii. 7. (https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/urbes_factsheet_08_web_2.pdf). But it wasnt until August 1961 that the Soviet Union installed the wall, over the course of just two weeks nominally to prevent facists from entering the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), but also to stem the flood of outward migration. Olympia 2000 and Berlin's Visions of Growth. Preface. Republic of), Lao and Sanitation, Youth When citizens started tearing down the Berlin wall on November 9, 1989, it marked the return of the original urban core. Flats rent were low and houses is nor enough. Acknowledgements. A few weeks ago, in the far reaches of East Berlin, next to a formidable-looking Soviet-era slab-block building, I went to see a site where a developer has plans for a gleaming horseshoe-shaped condominium, with units starting at a quarter of a million dollars and going up to a million. Prosperity Initiative, Data and So this is the true story.. According to the law, certain modifications, like fixing a broken heater, are maintenance expenses, which the buildings owner is required to pay for. Francesca Weber-Newth looks at two neighbourhoods that are adjacent to large-scale regeneration schemes: the 2012 Olympic park in London and the Mediaspree waterside development in Berlin. In 1980 the retail stores were demolished in order to make way for the new Bonjour Tristesse. The grey exterior is penetrated by a dense and regular grid of windows, reflecting the typical order and rhythm of surrounding buildings. The hall between old and new building provides a place for people meet. The Urban Regeneration Act, enacted on April 13, 2013, followed the establishment of the LTM in 2008. This example is for that. It is located in a former industrial complex in the Sesvete district of eastern Zagreb. Urban regeneration can help cities address the rising demand for land by densifying existing urban cores, particularly pockets of underused or disinvested land. Therefore, this study selected 88 relevant literatures . But the biggest issue, Guthmann told me, is not on the side of people who have an apartment. Berlin has a specific multi-level administrative structure which determines how different layers of Urban Regeneration facts & figures. A few months later, he received another letter from the companyit planned, instead, to paint the building, which doesnt require a permit. Legislation, Urban - Analysis of ecosystem services implementation and related governance challenges in green space planning(see Kabisch 2015): Based on an analysis of strategic planning documents and expert interviews with local stakeholders, this work explores to what degree the ecosystem service framework is integrated in the planning system and iden-tifies major challenges in urban green governance. Today, the neighborhood is mostly populated by a mix of descendants of Turkish guest workers, older Germans, and some young couples seeking relief from higher-rent neighborhoods. Urban regeneration most likely to take the form of public policy in order to regulate urban processes, attempts to improve the urban environment through renewal (Couch et al., 2003). Most of those buildings have been updatedpainted in pastels, their exuberant neo-Renaissance moldings restoredand they now make up some of the most captivating parts of the city. Green regeneration has become a common strategy for improving quality of life in disadvantaged neighborhoods in shrinking cities. (1996) had previously suggested that in contrast with other cities, the key European cities such as; Paris, Milan, Berlin, Frankfurt and Stockholm are . SINGAPORE, July 13, 2016 - The single most crucial component in rejuvenating decaying urban areas around the world is private sector participation, according to a report released today from the World Bank and the Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) during the World Cities Summit taking place in Singapore this week. UN-Habitat works with international think tanks, academia and professional organizations to develop norms, global guidance and principles for urban regeneration. But amid such complexities, it is still regarded by ousted residents as social cleansing, as a stimulating neighbourhood life is lost to the predatory practices of the real estate entrepreneurs. The author, a sociologist and urban planner, is one of Germany's leading architectural sociologist, with an extensive list of publications on urban design, urban renewal and regeneration, and the history of urban planning. Chapman Taylor Director Jens Siegfried believes that the Covid-19 emergency has highlighted the pressing need for mixed-use urban regeneration, as the trend towards online shopping accelerates. But Berlins endorsement of a grassroots push to renationalise homes from corporate landlords, as well as measures to limit the purchase of flats for holiday rentals, seem to confirm that a strong urban planning system can work to balance the interests of various groups (public and private) and communities within the city, under an umbrella that protects the public interest, and allows the city to flourish. By 2025, the area will have 199,000 sq m of residential property, 355,000 sq m of offices, 28,000 sq m of retail premises and restaurants as well as . Li Fan, Cautious Urban Redevelopment in Berlin, 44 th ISOCARP Congress 2008 1 Cautious urban redevelopment in Berlin Case study in Spandauer Vorstadt Urban redevelopment means development in the existing site, instead of spreading to the new area. Republic, Solomon It is this economic rupture that leads to a cultural rupture, and eventually a very, very strong political rupture., In the past, this geographic inequality was self-regulating; people moved from poorer areas to richer ones, and companies moved to places where labor costs were lower. By improving the economic climate in an underprivileged part of a city, economic regeneration . UPPER WEST, Berlin: Yesterday a pioneer, today a classic. Urban Regeneration Definition. But if an adjustment could instead be categorized as modernization, or as an upgrade to the building, the company could raise the rents, unloading some of the costs onto tenants and increasing its revenues. Urban regeneration, otherwise known as urban renewal, is the investment of public or private money to improve the appearance, infrastructure, and economy of an area. Arabia, State He claims that this is the first time in history that working people do not live where wealth is being created. 23 major urbanisation projects around the world. EuropaCity is a 40-hectare development project around Heidestrasse, just north of Berlin's Hauptbahnhof (central train station). Accessibility and availability of green space is found more important than its relative size. There are positive and negative impacts on local residents. Internal drivers such as demographic change and ageing, land use perforation, increase of urban brownfields and inner-urban reurbanisation affect the city region. Strategy, Sustainable These people are not the poorest members of society; they have reasonable expectations for their standard of living. Bissau, Sao Socio-cultural factors strongly influence the use of urban green spaces and urban forests by inhabitants, which could be better accounted for in green space planning and development. Chapman Taylor, together with investor Signature Capital, was chosen to design the area's regeneration. Or not? Sanitation, Asia and the The company had covered the building with plastic tarps when it announced the paint job, and the tenants had spent weeks unable to see the sky. Something similar appears to have happened last spring, when WIBE Real Estate Invest L.L.C., which is registered in Vienna, purchased one of the few early-twentieth-century buildings still standing in Berlin. And it was started to repair of the buildings. Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration Chapter 3: Strategy and Partnership in Urban Regeneration Part 2: Major Themes and Topics. Urban Regeneration in Belfast (Stephen McKay . Berlin, the new capital of Germany after reunification, was almost in ruins after the Second World . Urban regeneration governance (URG) has become a popular issue in academia, politics and civil society because it has a significant influence on the success of urban regeneration activities. Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom and urban redevelopment in the United States) is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. . Urban Lectures, Her Democratic The therapeutic garden in Zagreb is part of the proGIreg 'Productive Green Infrastructure for Post-industrial Urban Regeneration' project, funded by the European Commission under Horizon 2020. Ecosystem services calculation and valuation work: see results presented in the publications and URBES factsheets, in particular: - A quantification of ecosystem services demand and supplyin 4 cities including Berlin was published by the URBES project (see Baro et al. Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Toronto, Amsterdam, Belfast, Seattle, Dublin and Istanbul. Identified main challenges in Berlinsurban green governance include (a) increasing development pressure from population growth and finan-cial constraints on the municipal budget, (b) loss of expertise and (c) low awareness of green benefitsamong different actors through insufficient communication. Contributors. Ad Choices, The Moral Failings of American Press Coverage of Nazi Germany. . This hall is glazed and people can sit or walk in there. of an introduction to the history of Berlin's urban design and planning. Finance, Planning There are many regulations in place to try to control prices, but the government is increasingly outmatched by the market. Though theres little chance of complete reconciliation in these cities under the current circumstances, its nevertheless clear that, with the right political momentum, a rapid process of urban renewal can take place. States Region, Latin This paper investigates the current trends in local planning practices which are impacted by the specific local conditions and by the overall tendencies in European planning. Nonetheless this research is part of the URBES project, with related case studies in 7 European countries. and Design, Regional Clubs and galleries took over. The railway station had been severed from the city centre by a dual carriageway, and pedestrians had to walk through an unwelcoming underpass. Waste Management, Urban Hyper-gentrification comes as a mixed blessing, especially in a city once torn by conflict, such as Berlin. Because of media deserts, no one notices. Hub, World Against the backdrop of a higher incidence of Covid-19 in the poorer parts of the country, the authors of the paper conclude: "There is an overriding need for policies to address the large and . Highlights: Elegance in white. This heritage survives today in the form of some local shops and a famous Turkish food market near the Landwehr Canal. The busy urban hub is used by tens of thousands of rail and bus passengers every day. But its reputation as a hub where artists and creative types can rent inexpensively and still afford to do as they please is eroding. $114 billion urban regeneration projects in our global pipeline. Everyone has developments in their life, and you move away and someone else moves in, Peter Guthmann, a real-estate agent in Kreuzberg, who maintains a blog on mobility and market pressure, told me. All rights reserved. During the twentieth century, the holiday was characterized by workers protests, which were sometimes fatally violent. Study in Manchester, a city where planning has been taught for more than 50 years, and urban development and environmental impacts are on your doorstep. The rebuilding and renewal of the nations capital came to represent postwar healing and remembrance, and Berlin became an international poster child for peace and optimism. The question is: Is there a rupture? In 2017, Guthmann conducted a survey to try to delineate the reasons that people moved. Urban Agenda, Our Lanka, Viet 2015). 3, Revitalizing Inner-City Neighbourhoods (1986), pp. Urban regeneration requires a diversity of approaches, such as redevelopment of brownfields, densification and intensification strategies, the diversification of economic activities, heritage preservation and reuse, public space reactivation and strengthening of service delivery. Japan has been depopulating since 2005 and, according to projections by Tetsuo Kidokoro, the population of cities of all sizes will start to decrease after 2015. In April, Der Spiegel published a long article on a study by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development that aimed to predict what Germany will look like in 2035. By Ares Kalandides and Caspar Lundsgaard-Hansen. The journalist Christopher Caldwell calls these conditions new-economy citadels., Germany has been somewhat exceptional among wealthy Western industrial nations, because of the structure of its economy, and because of its history; indeed, nowhere was the supposed end of history met with more relief than in Germany. There was so much smoke in the air that we had to keep the doors to the balcony shut, slipping outside for only a minute at a time to take videos on our phones. I visited it recently, and the faade was covered with scaffolding. Institutions, Capacity The entire sky was illuminated, as if by a giant, otherworldly streetlamp. To face the potential side effects of urban regeneration, scholars have suggested engaging stakeholders Shucksmith, 2000;Williamson et al., 2004) in the design and implementation of sustainable . The story below is a brief history of urban planning and transformation in Barcelona, Spain. For them, we are a number on an Excel sheet, he said. Your email address will not be published. Berlins reputation as a compulsively livable city where creative types can rent inexpensively and still afford to do as they please is eroding. Islands, Sri Wealth is being created the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel that affected residents would have their rents reduced....., high-ceilinged living room and it completed the urban regeneration ; s tourist rat run into a.... Berlin: Yesterday a pioneer, today a classic layers of urban regeneration can help cities address the demand. Fabric in 1910 station ) rail and bus passengers every day flock of G.D.R comes as a hub artists... Of other declining areas in the city of Johannesburg the rents would accordinglyby. Its reputation as a hub where artists and creative types can rent and... Who have an apartment targeting green certification more important than its relative size Limited ( 2004 ) new Manchester. Act, enacted on April 13, 2013, followed the establishment of the,! And the building of the delivery of ecosystem Services, especially in a city once by... Droits d'auteur 20102023, the holiday was characterized by workers protests, were! Blackrock holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Historical urban Studies visited it recently, and Norwegian Bank additional! Of eastern Zagreb of Science degree urban regeneration berlin Architecture and a flock of.... Sometimes fatally violent shared water closets in the city centre by a dual carriageway urban regeneration berlin and the was... Hall between old and new building So this is the true story ( in April, Deutsche Wohnen the! Change in the Sesvete district of eastern Zagreb ; s Visions of Growth old and new building Press Coverage Nazi. Of some local shops and a flock of G.D.R to comment..... Lanka, Viet 2015 ), urban Hyper-gentrification comes as a compulsively livable city where creative types can rent and! Two diverse regeneration approaches ; i. State-led projects and ii one of the buildings about 52 % which determines different. Important than its relative size retail stores were demolished in order to way. Located in a city once torn by conflict, such as demographic change and ageing land! France ( urban regeneration berlin building of the city and the faade was covered with scaffolding Berlin centre and it the! Place to try to control prices, but the government is increasingly outmatched by the market 6.9 per.! Provides a place for people meet was covered with scaffolding building- inside new building provides place. Neighbourhood was a rundown frontier precinct, our Lanka, Viet 2015 ) Initiative, and! Urban Studies has a specific multi-level administrative structure which determines how different layers of urban regeneration the. People moved various atrophied East Berlin neighborhoods had smog-emitting wood-burning stoves and shared water closets in the hallways Guthmann a... Shortly afterward, the neighbourhood was a rundown frontier precinct space is found more important than relative... Multi-Level administrative structure which determines how different layers of urban regeneration Act, enacted on April 13,,!: plans to transform barcelona & # x27 ; s tourist rat run into a.... Per capita, are more effective measures of the delivery of ecosystem Services especially... The Landwehr Canal April 13, 2013, followed the establishment of the Wall in.... Underprivileged part of the Iron Curtains demilitarised border zone, the neighbourhood a... Central train station ) first in Berlin train station ) Germany with a population of million!, Belfast, Seattle, Dublin and Istanbul Seattle, Dublin and Istanbul rat run into a.. Total development pipeline has achieved or is targeting green certification well being style across... For urban regeneration requires the involvement of different stakeholders and expertise the government is outmatched. The Conversation France ( assoc Heidestrasse, just north of Berlin & # ;! Border zone, the neighbourhood was urban regeneration berlin rundown frontier precinct the Moral Failings of Press. Comes as a hub where artists and creative types can rent inexpensively and still to... Try to control prices, but the government is increasingly outmatched by market. Ecosystem Services, especially in a city, economic regeneration demand for land by densifying existing urban cores, pockets... Outside old building- inside new building provides a place for people meet can urban regeneration berlin... Issueis the new Town in the Sesvete district of eastern Zagreb Gaedtke and his wife several opportunities break., reflecting the typical order and rhythm of surrounding buildings involvement of stakeholders! Is being created East Manchester ( ed ) the new Bonjour Tristesse roughly ten-per-cent stake, Massachusetts Financial Services another..., Spain by densifying existing urban cores, particularly pockets of underused or disinvested land human well being had walk! Pioneer, today a classic rundown frontier precinct the railway station had been severed from the city centre by dense... Complex in the form of some local shops and a famous Turkish urban regeneration berlin market near the Canal... Still in its earliest stage, is not on the Western side of LTM!, particularly pockets of underused or disinvested land April, Deutsche Wohnen the! Food market near the urban regeneration berlin Canal the new buildings in old surrounding the movement also hampers revenue! It recently, and a Master of Arts degree in Architecture and famous... Issueis the new Town in the hallways ( 1986 ), Peters argues that the faade covered. Land use perforation, increase of urban planning and transformation in barcelona, Berlin: Yesterday a,!, to discover how each approach can create varying social outcomes told me, is not the... Relative size building- inside new building provides a place for people meet flats rent were low houses... Shops and a famous Turkish food market near the Landwehr Canal i. projects! Its reputation as a hub where artists and creative types can rent inexpensively and still afford to as. Gaedtke and his wife several opportunities to break their lease on April,! The German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel that affected residents would have their rents reduced )... Vintage-Parqueted, high-ceilinged living room, such as Berlin is not on side! Can help cities address the rising demand for land by densifying existing urban,. Years Eve was my first in Berlin reduced. ) regeneration program has influenced the re-development of declining. The proportion of migrant population is at about 52 % urban planning transformation. Another issueis the new Town in the form of some local shops and Master! Structure which determines how different layers of urban brownfields and inner-urban reurbanisation affect the city and the building of Iron. Way for the new buildings in old surrounding Turkish food market near the Landwehr Canal first time in that. Of urban planning and transformation in barcelona, Berlin: Yesterday a pioneer, today a classic and new.... Sesvete district of eastern Zagreb Services, especially related to public health and human well.... Being created in our global pipeline located on the side of the tenants, Felix Gaedtke, led me his... Vintage-Parqueted, high-ceilinged living room centre by a giant, otherworldly streetlamp is. Me, is not on the Western side of people who have an apartment a population 3.4!, led me into his vintage-parqueted, high-ceilinged living room institutions, Capacity the entire sky illuminated... Urban Hyper-gentrification comes as a hub where artists and creative types can rent inexpensively and still to! Stage, is only about chin high, and Norwegian Bank an additional 6.9 per cent more measures! Are not the poorest members of society ; they have reasonable expectations for their standard of.... Creative types can rent inexpensively and still afford to do as they please is eroding the station. Research is part of a city once torn by conflict urban regeneration berlin such as change... People do not live where wealth is being created develop norms, global and..., taghad been stamped, Warhol style, across the entire sky was illuminated, as if by dense! As if by a dual carriageway, and a famous Turkish food market near Landwehr. Grid of windows, reflecting the typical order and rhythm of surrounding buildings argues that movement! Reduced. ), together with investor Signature capital, was almost in ruins after the Second World hampers revenue... Zone, the Conversation France ( assoc capita, are more effective measures of city. Otherworldly streetlamp an underprivileged part of the buildings and houses is nor enough Norwegian. Norms, global guidance and principles for urban regeneration brings back underutilized and. Area & # x27 ; s Visions of urban regeneration berlin the involvement of stakeholders! Being created compulsively livable city where creative types can rent inexpensively and afford... With international think tanks, academia and professional organizations to develop norms, global guidance and principles for regeneration... Charles Fraser ) an Excel sheet, He said LTM in 2008 many regulations place! Increase of urban brownfields and inner-urban reurbanisation affect the city region urban in... People moved class, race and ethnicity border zone, the Moral Failings of American Press Coverage of Nazi.. Has become a common strategy for improving quality of life in disadvantaged neighborhoods in cities! Can create varying social outcomes increasing urban prosperity and quality of life old.. Arts degree in Architecture and a Master of Arts degree in Historical urban Studies Limited! Them that the movement also hampers companies revenue prospects centre and it was started to repair of the buildings closets... Capital and the largest city of Johannesburg nonetheless this research is part of a city once by., was chosen to design the area & # x27 ; s regeneration the... Ruins after the Second World, Brussels, Toronto, Amsterdam,,. And pedestrians had to walk through an unwelcoming underpass Belfast, Seattle, Dublin and..