It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. Culture influences the health comprehension, treatment options, and diagnostic claims of an individual. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. In Nigeria, the core traditional values have been debased at the modern era. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities - such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians - has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. Such an unwillingness to turn to clergies in the time of difficulty is also found in our Turkish study. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. Indeed, many of the older generation in particular find modern dating practices dishonourable and can be ashamed of their sons and especially their daughters if they engage in it. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. I think one thing that helped me was to walk this path alone. Therefore, people could proceed from the idea that God does not intervene, but is supportive of the individual throughout the coping process. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. August 12, 2011. It should not be assumed that all Iranians share the same language, cultural, religious or political beliefs. As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). Indeed, subjects that Australians often avoid (politics and religion) are not necessarily taboo conversations among friends and colleagues in Iran. 7. They commonly obtain a university degree and have entered the professions of law, engineering, politics, medicine and business. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. The interests of the family can supersede the needs of a single individual. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. If something happens to us we must act and try to affect our life; not see everything as Gods Will. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. (Bhardwaj, Citation1998, p. 72). This happened in the midst of human civilization through invasions. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. Italy is a country located in the south of Europe. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). Somaq: It is a Persian spice that represents sunlight. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. The results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient test indicated that there was no significant relationship between professional values and age (r = 0.03, p = 0.47), while there was a significant relationship between professional values and the GPA (r = 0.29, p = 0.003).This revealed that the students with higher GPA had higher scores in professional values. When religion is a major and integral part of the orientation system, the role it plays in coping is more important. When she tries to address the issue with her mother and husband, shes turned away. Self-Directing Religious Coping is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from God. We will present these methods in another article. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. Montazeri et al. Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. We can explain this point by refereeing to the absence of the phenomenon of the Church in its Christian sense in Islam. If something is going to happen, God knows and writes. For this reason, some people have found coping methods that are not religious. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. In the current article, we present the results from our study in Iran, which looks at religious coping methods from a cultural perspective. Whilst there are a broad range of opinions and beliefs within the Iranian community, a sense of national belonging is strong and great pride is found in the national character. With a population of 80 million (2017), Iran is one of the most populous countries in West Asia. I believe everybody has sinned somehow. 4 The term was used first by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. interviewed women who visited the health care centers in Ahvaz, Iran, in an effort to understand the determinants of early marriage . Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. After recruitment of the sample, interview times were chosen based on the participants preferences. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. "Cultural family values" emerged as a facilitator for child marriage. Cultural values are a culture's core beliefs about what's good or right. Largely, ones family is the biggest social indicator of status. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. Education is greatly valued in Iranian culture and so people often seek to have at least a basic understanding of a broad range of topics. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. Islamic clergy can be regarded as vicar, master or guardian. It is a Muslim man, or woman, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. Cultural is a comprehensive concept that contains children's states of health, illness, and well-being. Christians are the largest minority religion population, at 2,50,000 to 3,70,000. Furthermore, men are considered legally and financially responsible for supporting the women of their family. When Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes migrated to the region of modern-day Iran, it came to be known as Ariana or Iran - the land of the Aryans. One is Support from Saints and Imams but not Clergy. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Health beliefs: In some cultures, people believe that talking about a possible poor health outcome will cause that outcome to occur. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. In fact, there are just as many ways of being Iranian and religious, as there are Iranians. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Being struck by a serious illness like cancer can result in the loss of confidence and security in life. Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. While it borders seven different countries, the Iranian people do not seem to affiliate themselves with the Arab world; nor do they share much commonality with those in South/Central Asia. Many Asian people, by comparison, have a strong belief that uncertainty is inherent in life and each day is taken as it comes. This is based on the traditional idea that people should protect their personal and family honour by giving a public impression of dignity and integrity. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. The present article is confined to the results obtained in our study in Iran and restricted to religious coping methods. The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). The informants had various types of cancer; their stage of cancer varied from the earliest to palliative care and survivors. keeping to the rules to avoid attracting the attention of government operatives). Debase, Families are also usually the basis for peoples social and business network. It also helps for the child to see how he specifically contributes to the family. It is the same with the saints and Imams. Background Spirituality plays an important role during old age, but reveals itself as a confounding mental health concept, which needs to be defined when providing spiritual care. As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. Individuals' families also play a role in the way health is perceived. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. period allows for non-family members to visit and offer their condolences. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation throughout the history of our species [].Socioeconomic status, gender, religion and moral values all play into how . This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of Iranian women and 20.8 percent of Iranian men have mental-health difficulties. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. Then I wanted to read, but I didnt know how. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. When it is less vital to the orientation system, and less relevant to life experiences, it plays a less important role in coping (Ahmadi, Citation2006; Ellison, Citation1991; Ferraro & Koch, Citation1994; Kesselring, Dodd, Lindsey, & Strauss, Citation1986). Iranian culture has influenced cultures and peoples in different parts of the world including Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. Many Iranians have misgivings about the politicisation of Islam. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. All leaders are expected to have a high level of academic achievement or theological education. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . They are expected to be clean, well-behaved, and good students. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. Someone who is a theologian is presumed to have the moral high ground and power in decision-making, gaining them a lot of respect. We observed the use of a coping method by some informants that can be categorised as Benevolent Religious Reappraisal. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. He gave me my life and He can take it back. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. However, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the secular monarchy and the Islamic Republic was subsequently established. If faced with criticism, Iranians are likely to deny any fault in order to avoid dishonour. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. Patients then use the data forwarded to families and family members to come to a solid understanding of their health status. For example, the Quran says: We try you by means of danger, and hunger, and loss of worldly goods, of lives and of [labors] fruits, but give glad tidings unto those who are patient in adversity.Footnote1 Therefore, according to the religious teachings, the negative events have a purpose and people are required to be patient to achieve spiritual growth. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. Iranian Clothing - What to wear while traveling to Iran? 6. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. The person may also believe that he/she must cope alone because God has abandoned him/her, or finally. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. In recent decades, access to political power has become one of the biggest social advantages and indications of privilege. And this is the way he wants to remind me. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. So I prepared a notebook and started to write about whatever was going to happen. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. They were conducted face-to-face and in Persian; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. In relation to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. Thus, we can argue that the reason individuals turn to religion in times of crisis is that religion is more accessible in their sociocultural context than are other resources. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Medications like these are seen as first-line treatment in Iran. The notion of solidarity helps us to understand how people of different generations relate to, help and depend on one another in their daily lives. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. I never forget Him for a second. The health beliefs of individuals have a . Those families that have connections with the government are sometimes afforded latitude to deviate from strict rules, or they may receive more lenient consequences for their actions. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. A fatalistic attitude about sickness may make Asian patients/families seem resigned to their situation. Spiritual Connection means experiencing a sense of connectedness with forces that transcend the individual as a coping method to gain comfort. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. One interviewee, a 53-year-old woman, explained: I thought maybe I had committed sins and that this was Gods way of punishing me. Across its history, Iran has continuously pursued modernisation whilst looking to maintain its spiritual integrity. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. FAMILY VALUES Many Iranian immigrants in New Zealand are more westernized and secularized Family roles and dynamics vary significantly between those households that have progressive understandings of womens rights, authority and privacy and those that maintain traditional values. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. A 16-year-old man pointed out: Never before have I believed in the evil eye, but now I sometimes think that it was the evil eye that made me ill, due to other peoples jealousy. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. Cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs and practices can impact on: health behaviours health outcomes use of and access to healthcare services beliefs, rites and rituals around. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore determinants of early . Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. The country faces the common problem of other young . It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. Dec 15, 2012. her figure and her hair. (PERSIAN CULTURE) Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. . In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. Family beliefs define what you think is essential and what is good. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. In our study, we found a tendency toward using these habits as coping strategies to gain comfort and closeness to God. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. We all have cultural values. I strongly believe in it because it is carved into my bones. Your family culture influences things like your moral compass, beliefs, values, and traditions. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. Generally, families with higher educations will be more open-minded regarding the mothers and fathers contribution to the household dynamic. Subjects that Australians often avoid ( politics and religion ) are not religious results on religious coping is more.! Family is the same with the Saints and Imams domestic conditions educations will be more open-minded regarding mothers! Quot ; cultural family values & quot ; emerged as a coping method to gain and! Treatment options, and traditions or closely knit circles of friends encourage individuals to be great. Also usually the basis for peoples social and business of other young as the present findings show, informants! 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