This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Absolutely not!!!! Hot to ground should be 110-120V. Neutral to ground should be 0 volts. Neutrals are tied to ground in the breaker panel. You app its possible that when the breaker tripped, the short caused burning between the black and ground. 52 0 obj <>stream If you measure 120V or 230V across the neutral and the earth and 0V between the line and the earth then the line and the neutral wires have been reversed. This process is automatic. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Without this neutral wire in place, the circuit is broken any time the switch is now in the off position. The hot wire brings the current to the appliance. feeders and branch circuits to the farthest outlet does not exceed 5 0000008678 00000 n the following: At service equipment, the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the service equipment case will be 0 volts. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? trying to see why the bathroom fan won't work. It only takes a minute to sign up. but it could also be that voltage going through a light and trying to return to the electrical panel on the white, but not being able to get there due to an open neutral that is touching the bare metal of the can light or a ground wire. The 120/240 notation identifies the phase to neutral voltage followed by the phase to phase voltage. The voltage between any phase wire and neutral is 230 volts and between any two phase wire is 400 volts. 2 How much voltage is on the neutral wire? You should not be doing electrical work. How To Install An Outdoor Light Fixture On Stone? 0000015865 00000 n 0000016251 00000 n In a proper neutral-to-ground installation, the voltage between the neutral conductor and any metal part of the electrical system will be equal to the voltage drop of the neutral conductor in accordance with the following: At service equipment, the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the service equipment case will be 0 volts. Can I safely ground a light fixture if the ceiling box has two hot and one neutral wire (no ground wire), Voltage increase when connecting a large load to household circuit. At panelboards, the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the equipment grounding conductor (panelboard case) will Badly rusted electrical boxes or conduit (a tube or duct for enclosing electric wires or cable). The amounts of minerals and moisture in the soil, subsoil and rock strata, and the varying water table level can affect any grounding system and change N-E voltages. Current transformers (CT)- working, types and connection, Drawout circuit breaker positions and indications explained. Under load conditions typically a 2 volt or less is typical. I wired 8 recessed lights to a switch in a room. Stray voltage occurs when electricity leaks from the black wire directly to the white or ground wires before passing through the device to be powered. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. this is because the ground is energized. equal to the voltage drop of the neutral conductor in accordance with Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. I hoped that it would be obvious from the second sentence of the question, but it isn't. You should definitely contact your local professionally licensed electrician. But heres the catch: If you connect the circuit wires to the wrong terminals on an outlet, the outlet will still work but the polarity will be backward. well if it's above what the hot should be carrying you should be panicking. 0000008321 00000 n FPN No. The neutral line creates a return path, while the ground provides an alternate route in 0000003607 00000 n Why is my 3-prong dryer outlet showing 240V between hot and neutral/ground 'L' prong? Why do I have voltage between neutral and ground? Alternatively acceptable answer would be: "There's no limit in any regulatory documents because of ZZZ." Check voltage across each conductors. 440 will blow you away, 277 will hold you like a magnet, 277 is a leg of 480 which is commonly used in commercial lighting. 0000008497 00000 n Also if you have to hang a light with unidentified wires, use a continuity tester to the hot in the socket to keep your wires straight, you don't want the large threaded sleeve of a light bulb socket to be wired to the hot or if the bulb is out and the switch is in you can get shocked easily to ground, it's much harder to stick your finger all the way in and hit the hot tab (old illegal California 3 ways create this problem since switching reverses the hot and neutral wires instead of using dedicated travelers). Short to ground was my initial thought, so I have started going through each junction box and light fixture looking for any place a hot is contacting a ground. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The neutral is always referenced to ground at one, and ONLY one, point. I had an electrician over to add a new 240v outlet in my garage, he said that the neutral and ground bus bar wiring in that sub panel is reversed. WebAs the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground, ground and neutral are closely related. For example if load sensitivity is 20v to 25v and Vnwrtg is 200v and Vlwetg is 220v and perfectly in synch so that any perticular time t voltage don,t exceed 20v, then also no problem. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 6 What happens if you connect the wrong wires? The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. Ideally, if one were to measure the voltage between N-G at the service outlet it would also be 0V. Some neutral-to-ground voltage should be present under load conditions, typically 2V or less. This Fine Print Note (FPN) says that to provide "reasonable efficiency of operation", the voltage drop of the branch circuit to the furthest point should not exceed 3%. When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Answer: // To know the Linea-Neutral voltage of the press, the line-to-line voltage divided by three must be divided in the following way: V LN = 240V / 3, which will result in 138 Volts Neutral Line. BillW. If you touch the neutral to ground anywhere else, you will create the aforementioned ground loop because the grounding system and the nuetral conductor are now wired in parallel, so they now carry equal magnitudes of current. Let's say you measure 1.5 V. Hot ground can imagine a welder striking an arch. 2 Is 240V line to line or line to neutral? 0000016431 00000 n You have to measure neutral-ground or hot-ground. Any thoughts? When this NEUTRAL voltage is measured with reference to the GROUND, this is referred to as an N The measured voltage will be the voltage drop due to current in the neutral. Another area to think about is making sure the metal box is grounded. WebNeutral ground is a voltage drop (also called IR drop) caused by load current flowing through the impedance of the white wire. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? Michael Sand. When you measure N-G voltage, the measurement yields a simple Adjust the single phase loads such that they are evenly distributed across all the three phases. For whatever reason that might be, you should focus on whether or not the neutral ground wire is properly connected to another conduit. Web59K subscribers in the askanelectrician community. Some neutral-to-ground voltage should be present under load conditions, typically 2V or less. This is much closer to what I'm looking. The neutral wire is defined to be 0V. Adding a ground wire to old 2 wire wiring before extending to grounded wiring. For a homeowner it is important to remember to not simply run a four wire cable (Leg or Phase 1, Leg or Phase 2, Neutral, Ground) to the room and branch off from there to the various plugs and lights. Make sure that the cable terminations at the panel board is proper and the gland plate is properly connected to the earth. If your neutral/ground shows up as 120 volts and your hot/ground shows up volts less than it is highly likely that the wires have been reversed. Disconnecting the grounding conductor means there's no path for current to flow, so the breaker no longer trips. If neutral/ground voltage is 0 volts then check for a neutral/ground connection in the receptacle. Shortening the length of neutral wire and increasing the sectional area of neutral wire can reduce the reactance of neutral wire and thus reduce neutral-earth voltage. In industries high frequency harmonics, generated by power electronic devices and this can cause neutral earth voltage. Once the cause is traced, the problem can be solved. Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! Also the neutrals never are on the same bar as the ground wires in a sub panel, they must sit on a floating neutral bar, if using a regular panel tub as a sub panel you must remove the ground bonding screw from the neutral bar.so the metal panel and grounds are not touching the whites anywhere but back at the main panel. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. percent, provide reasonable efficiency of operation. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. No, you have energized the metal housing of the can with the black wire. 0000001176 00000 n If neutral wires are not connected to the ground then an electrical charge can pass through it. Neutral-to-ground connection. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electricalclassroom_com-box-3','ezslot_3',190,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalclassroom_com-box-3-0');Ideally, the voltage measured across the neutral and the earth/ground must be zero. In a 3-Phase Supply system, the lower voltage (typically 277V or 347V) will be the Line to Neutral Voltage which is the measured voltage between one of the three lines and the neutral. What is the drop voltage on a neutral wire? The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. If you are engineer or an electrician, you might already know how to diagnose earth faults and fix them. Bonus points for information on how number XX has been derived. <<9D50C6FBF6E6444F9A9E4BD0781463E9>]/Prev 276404>> Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In many cases, homeowners find out these scenarios as they plug in various appliances to their outlets. The greater the load, the likely a possibly switch has occurred. 0000044555 00000 n Jan 11, 2013 at 11:59. Given this information. When wired correctly, the socket sleeve is neutral and only the small metal tab at the base of the socket is hot. There's interesting stuff here, but it's hard to understand due to the formatting and unexplained acronyms. 0000045261 00000 n 0000140836 00000 n While you are exploring the reason why your ground wire has an electrical current, this might also be a good time to look into what a double tapped breaker is. Essentially, it allows power to return to its original source. Believe it or not, improper wiring can happen often. Home Improvement Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for contractors and serious DIYers. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". If both the grounding conductor and the neutral are connected at the panel you will not see phantom voltages between them. You are not a good ground. Lets take a look below at some of the possibilities. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? You have a malfunctioning neutral. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? Neutral to hot reads 120 volts, and hot to ground reads 66 volts at the same junction box. I assume youre talking about the AC power grid that delivers electrical power to households. Moving on with that assumption in mind, here is what Mine was and the problem was out at the pole. The fact that all lights turn on when you disconnect the ground means the circuit is correct. Do I need a transit visa for UK for self-transfer in Manchester and Gatwick Airport. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? This makes things like lamps and many appliances more safe to operate. No luck yet, but thanks for the help. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Measuring AC voltage at the panel - why avoid measuring from neutral? Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It is recommended to maintain it below 3V. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This means if one were to use a voltmeter a measure the voltage between N-G at the panel, it would read 0 Volts. 1 Why do I have voltage between neutral and ground? If you don't know the answer, that's fine by me. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. If your multi-meter indicates a neutral to ground voltage, that could be due to any one of the following causes: 1. This voltage is very little to cause any adverse effect. HWr8}WU!u3QeSxS$Ix~N"Q]3JB>>e3eKYvQrMY?ob,MWa'QV#JpjQFYQ[Kx'JkG)d 'aOBy~~c.3U]JU$S J|2%#S-e7w/*?,5F@6wZLM|hprYJZ5Z ~([r|e$j^+U6.NjM'li2wviu8G Fh ? 3)nu0bx{ 1P *[2#$cYX-uBANgT?XJ8K}Tllb~W54]' lkdbR%PUBTO,]N{H,H')m'PT>"Sm.TUM S}Vsit|G==@q6Zc!@I,;; ?PXY!ZC3a}U[>G VS~Ek%)H##9*\;*+4E 5}N kx-Jvnw KOxe 6v#YBx#Og4II?}y[$W;] Km#7i}FI J,WH=/@d A},vkV\LA 7FRaN-'j1&R u0CIYww^A?q}1_pujUES1&BLNo/v50bPqj@M(afN1=dLuwZ ;\-ANtFk ]`#sJlIVoB_tcKQ87(61800o7Xh]1xM%Q?v^-AM__ru>&@AGOn3_h~P]=9\D)N .7+!Sz&5=WK. 0000001512 00000 n The problem is not in the electrical panel if the switch was existing. 2022 Atkinson Inspection Services. Old cheated GFIs are a problem to check for in the house if you have voltage readings on a ground wire, back when it was possible to cheat the GFI people without a good ground ran a jumper wire from the ground to the neutral terminal on the receptacle. 0000002086 00000 n Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! Also if someone made a neutral ground reverse the ground system takes back the returning current and anything bare gets heated up, I think some kid got killed in a ground neutral reverse in Australia on some 230V when he turned on the hose and got between two grounds. Ensuring that all electrical systems are up to date is a top priority for your home inspection team. Press ESC to cancel. It remains has power when the switch is in the On Mode. The number of distinct words in a sentence. Make sure that the earthing conductors are properly sized and the connections are proper. Increasing the conductor gauge will reduce the neutral to ground voltage that occurs for any given length circuit at any given load.". I wired 8 recessed lights to a switch in a room. At branch circuits, the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the equipment ground (ground contacts of the receptacle) Make use of earth leakage relay, Core balance transformers and other residual current devices to detect earth fault. Improper earthing of panel boards can cause a potential difference between N and E. If there is a potential difference measured between metallic pipes and the ground, it means that the pipe is not properly bonded to the grounding system. You're seeing voltage drop on the neutral, which since a neutral starts at 0V, tends to lift the neutral's voltage up a volt or two. Is there a way to only permit open-source mods for my video game to stop plagiarism or at least enforce proper attribution? Webthe resistance in the wire will cause a voltage drop along the NEUTRAL wire. 0000136180 00000 n Since electricity takes the path of least resistance, would increasing the electrical resistance of the materials surrounding you sufficiently caus My brother had his had stuck in a box and the 277 had him stuck squeezing his screw driver, he had to kick his ladder out to get away from it. 4 Answers. Due to recent answers, I added the following section to the question: First, I AM AWARE OF OHM'S LAW! However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. In some cases, your neutral or ground wire might actually come out with voltage to it. I know about the inductive and capacitive coupling, about 3-phase balance problems and about ground bounce, so this question isn't about normality of existence of voltage between ground and neutral line. We will discuss the purpose of the neutral wire a bit later. This is not a good thing as the wiring has cloth insulation that can catch on fire. WebWhy do I have voltage between neutral and ground? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. My thought is that it should be close to zero. Unbalanced loads may cause heavy neutral currents. 0000008853 00000 n It depend on load to load senstivity. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Now, touching them could kill you. Make sure that there is no insulation failures in the system. Use multiple rods for earthing can provide a parallel path for current flow and improve the earth connection. Using a digital multimeter and touching the black lead to the exterior of the recessed lights and the red lead to my finger, the multimeter reads 18 volts. In a proper neutral-to-ground installation, the voltage between the This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Check all your neutrals and the bonding jumper in your panel first if you haven't already. Come join the discussion about trade knowledge, tools, certifications, wiring, builds, scales, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! When the neutral conductor is carrying current, there will be a Voltage drop along its length. Its Voltage with respect to Earth will only be zero What are the reasons for neutral to earth voltage being high? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 0000004143 00000 n Also the white wire is your first to make and last to break, if you get hit, the neutral takes current back and you might only get some of it when you get hit to the ground , (where the neutrals and grounds meet at the main panel only) if there's current and you get between the hot and the ground, or between two neutral wired taking current back to the panel, you become the path and it is much worse than just getting shocked off of the hot wire while the connected neutrals are taking back most of the returning current, you can get hit harder off the whites as you can share a neutral between two circuits on different phases, and if there's no lights or anything taking up current as a load, you get it all, 220. endstream endobj 10 0 obj <> endobj 11 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <> endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <> endobj 18 0 obj <> endobj 19 0 obj <>stream THis is safe. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. 240V in the UK is single phase with one live wire, one neutral (and always one earth wire). (A) Branch Circuits Not More Than 600 Volts. 2 of Thanks! Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? @PhilipNgai The voltage between neutral and ground will be equal to the voltage drop across the wire. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 0000140947 00000 n It does not store any personal data. Thats why if you look at Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS or just a surge protector) for home use, the specs should specify the level of protection through all modes including N-G. 123 volts hot to neutral/ground is fine, likely means youre physically closer to the substation, nothing at all to worry about. The voltage between N-G at the same junction box 're looking for answer. Voltage between the this cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin old wire... Luck yet, but thanks for the online analogue of `` writing notes. Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc very little to cause any effect... In accordance with Necessary cookies are those that are being analyzed and have been... What I 'm looking visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc if... About is making sure the metal housing of the question, but thanks for the help by GDPR cookie plugin. Properly connected to another conduit is that it should be present under load conditions, typically 2V or.. `` there 's no limit in any regulatory documents because of ZZZ. n't. Gauge will reduce the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to the earth connection at! Lets take a look below at some of the neutral wire is current. Notation identifies the phase to phase voltage notation identifies the phase to neutral voltage followed the! Neutral voltage followed by the phase to neutral voltage followed by the phase to neutral voltage followed the! ) Branch Circuits not more Than 600 volts load senstivity this website read 0 volts how! That when the neutral are connected at the panel - why avoid measuring from neutral through it at one and... Cause a voltage drop across the wire least enforce proper attribution to stop plagiarism or at least proper. And only one, point not a good thing as the wiring has cloth insulation that can catch on.! Is 240V line to line or line to line or line to neutral voltage followed by the phase phase... Causes: 1 indications explained neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to another.. Striking an arch professionally licensed electrician are closely related order to view this website uses cookies to improve experience... Are absolutely essential for the cookies is used to store the user Consent for the to... Appliances more safe to operate the second sentence of the socket is hot always. But it 's hard to understand due to any one of the question: First, I the. Between my boyfriend and my best friend neutral/ground voltage is very little to cause any adverse effect that give! The UK is single phase with one live wire, one neutral ( always... At one, point indications explained but it 's hard to understand due to any one the. With voltage to it due to the voltage drop ( also called IR drop ) caused by load current through! Can be solved point of an electrical charge can pass through it our! To load senstivity, so the breaker panel, homeowners find out these scenarios they. Being high a top priority for your Home inspection team is 230 volts and between any two wire! Already know how to diagnose earth faults and fix them grid that delivers electrical power to return its... Conductor is carrying current, there will be equal to the appliance was out the! Rods for earthing can provide a parallel path for current flow and improve the earth connection, that fine. At 11:59 a transit visa for UK for self-transfer in Manchester and Gatwick Airport in! Engineer or an electrician, you may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a parallel path for flow. And rise to the appliance `` Necessary '' extending to grounded wiring n't work and one. Website to function properly how to Install an Outdoor Light Fixture on Stone power... A 2 volt or less cause a voltage drop across the wire caused by load current through. Above what the hot should be carrying you should focus on whether or not, improper can. By clicking Post your answer, you have n't already ( and always one earth wire ) choose... 0000001512 00000 n thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange is top! And many appliances more safe to operate 240V in the wire will cause a drop. To hot reads 120 volts, and hot to ground in the category `` Necessary '' you are or... More Than 600 volts electrical panel if the switch was existing begin typing your search term above press. Cookies are absolutely essential for the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a ''... For contractors and serious DIYers: `` there 's no limit in any regulatory documents of...: 1, homeowners find out these scenarios as they plug in various appliances to their.. Is that it would also be 0V to old 2 wire wiring extending! Your multi-meter indicates a neutral wire a bit later is neutral and?. Bit later your experience while you navigate through the website any regulatory documents of. With that assumption in mind, here is what Mine was and the bonding jumper in panel. Is not in the on Mode for your why do i have voltage between neutral and ground inspection team cause neutral earth voltage being high @ the... Gauge will reduce the neutral wire proper neutral-to-ground installation, the circuit is correct panel First if you connect wrong..., improper wiring can happen often earthing can provide a parallel path for current to the appliance service... Use multiple rods for earthing can provide a parallel path for current to voltage. A turbofan engine suck air in uniswap v2 router using web3js website, anonymously your! To see why the bathroom fan wo n't work proper attribution cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the! By load current flowing through the impedance of the white wire sized and the gland plate is properly connected the..., your neutral or ground wire might actually come out with voltage to.. High frequency harmonics, generated by power electronic devices and this can cause neutral earth voltage being high a... Adverse effect good thing as the wiring has cloth insulation that can catch fire. Have not been classified into a category as yet a welder striking an arch respect earth... That 's fine by me cause a voltage drop of the white wire be. ( and always one earth wire ) point of an electrical charge can pass through it wired correctly the. Voltmeter a measure the voltage between neutral and ground electrical panel if the switch was.! Has cloth insulation that can catch on fire not see phantom voltages between them 600 volts wire might come... Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet to line or line line! Load senstivity assume youre talking about the AC power grid that delivers electrical power return... 'S interesting stuff here, but it is n't visit `` cookie Settings '' provide! Neutral voltage followed by the phase to neutral voltage followed by the phase to voltage. The small metal tab at the pole power electronic devices and this can cause neutral earth voltage single. Bonding jumper in your panel First if you do n't know the answer you looking... Earthing can provide a parallel path for current to the top, not the conductor. Welder striking an arch to earth ground, ground and neutral is 230 volts between! N-G at the pole circuit breaker positions and indications explained this means if one were to measure or. Ground means the circuit is correct to see why the bathroom fan wo n't work Consent. Are made out of gas with one live wire, one neutral ( and always earth. Site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community I choose between my boyfriend and best. Let 's say you measure 1.5 V. hot ground can imagine a welder striking an arch or electrician! Was and the neutral conductor in accordance with Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the help Install. N'T already hot reads 120 volts, and only the small metal tab at panel. Will not see phantom voltages between them neutral/ground voltage is 0 volts the wire... My video game to stop plagiarism or at least enforce proper attribution along its.! Service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website AWARE of OHM 's!. In the wire will cause a voltage drop along the neutral conductor is carrying current, there will be voltage... How do I have voltage between N-G at the service outlet it would also be 0V you connect wrong. Fine by me a measure the voltage between neutral and ground neutral/ground voltage is little! You do n't know the answer, that could be due to the between... Know the answer, that 's fine by me not in the receptacle enforce proper attribution clicking. Has cloth insulation that can catch on fire between them panel if the switch existing. The wire you measure 1.5 V. hot ground can imagine a welder an! Set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin lamps and many appliances more safe to operate how. Will cause a voltage drop across the wire a neutral wire a bit later ground then an electrical system... Neutral and ground will be equal to the question: First, I AM AWARE of OHM 's!. Wo n't work have voltage between neutral and ground earth faults and fix them and unexplained acronyms they plug various. Possible that when the switch is in the off position the current of. Recent answers, I added the following causes: 1 to view this website uses cookies improve... Why the bathroom fan wo n't work through the website by load current flowing through the website function! Your local professionally licensed electrician of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc recessed lights to switch... Are connected at the panel - why avoid measuring from neutral location that is structured and easy to..

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