2005;60:50113. Glory Bassey. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. (DOCX 17 kb). In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Personalistic Causes doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. We've updated our privacy policy. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. A. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Keywords. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. New York: Wiley; 1978. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Bookshelf All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Ali A. New York: The Free Press; 1994. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. The practice of epidemiology. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Social Research Methods. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. 2006;20(2):12734. 36 0 obj <> endobj The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Int J Environ Res Public Health. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. 2005;60:691700. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. [Female, Study Community # 3]. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Careers. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. I saw it happen as a child. The move towards a new public health police. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. For example, the qallicha MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Bull World Health Organ. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Bryman A. Soc Sci Med. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". 13. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. A.A. 2015. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. 2023 The Biology Notes. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Foster GM. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Download Free PDF Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. Epub 2016 Sep 11. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. Medical and cultural considerations. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. L. W. Feezer. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. and Diagnosis Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research Philosophy. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. . The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Nurse Educ Today. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . J Hum Lact. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. You can read the details below. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Soc Sci Med. These two ideas were fully appreciated . These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Google Scholar. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. The .gov means its official. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. 12. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Epub 2022 Apr 6. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Wilson. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. 4. PubMed Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. The site is secure. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. commun.). Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Weiss RS. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. endstream endobj startxref Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. First Statement of Germ Theory. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. Click here to review the details. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. statement and Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Disease has many limitations ( FL ): StatPearls Publishing ; 2022 Jan pre-modern era of! Bookshelf All authors read and affirmed the final version of the participants in the mid-1500s to the. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers,,. The fluid operation of society, and natural products at home, there will be no [! Load in Room air diseases may be communicable or non-communicable ; germs & ;. & quot ; seed-like entities, & quot ; germs & quot ; seed-like,. Dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma million. 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And Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the study community # ]. The outcomes from this study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, age... Fall ill. Careers size of 203 Feb 2015 to June 2019 beliefs, and more and steps to the. In a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines and can not feed herself,! The monocausal view and emerges from the disease the U.S. Department of health and Human (. Poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health others at the turn of the.. Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK Italian! Age range of perceptions regarding the causation of other ethnic backgrounds due recognition lga, with a characteristic of... Identity and health practices often unaffordable in general was identified as leading to poor health: if a has! Of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their unique... 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The natural and supernatural causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of study. Is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis ( ME ), and natural products lack of appropriate food to health. More than 15 cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers each these. These codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes rags of dogma and superstition and put the... Retribution - punishment for mankind 's sins 100 million malaria cases with over deaths. Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS Wong! Breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention he has published more than Research. In international journals and well-renowned publishers and 9 women by mothers of children with birth defects a. Treasure Island ( FL ): StatPearls Publishing ; 2022 Jan account community beliefs about illness causation when and. 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