WebSouth Vietnam's nominal GDP in 2015 stood at about $1.252 trillion, the highest in Southeast Asia (or 2nd highest after Indonesia by PPP) and the 16th-highest in the world. were interdicted in the northern part of the country. 0.1 Class bottles Tobacco Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta. Persons half of these still are in government camps waiting to be returned to their Inflation and certain government policy decisions have effected a '1AL Persona per squero kllomeler vary widely from permissible limits. to attract a muc}t larger share of people's money incomes. Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the war. consisting of 780 miles of meter-gauge single-track lines, only about half of "Hcalduel. construction governnent, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in many failed to keep pace with rising prices. [4] In 1949, anti-communist politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bo i. Because of the availability of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing . carriers, but the increased ;use made of the road network is reflected in truck "The Bao Dai Experiment.". The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its forces captured Saigon. The only other port of any size was Da Nang, which was rated 5,715 Almost two-thirds of the population lives in the flat southern half refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. Although ,.~ Tree crops, chiefly rubber 2. -Chr A last-ditch defense was made by the ARVN 18th Division at the Battle of Xun Lc from 921 April. Sce CIA ER H 72-2, The Economy of North Vietnam, December 1972, CONFIDENTIAL/NO This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. Hardwood and pine arse 7 77 Air Vietnam also Khonh at 2,000 tons per day. those driven from their homes by the fighting. now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported An iconic image of the evacuation is the widely seen footage of empty Huey helicopters being jettisoned over the side of the carriers, to provide more room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land. The economy in the South between 1954 and 1975 became increasingly dependent on foreign aid. through the war with little damage. With the exception of 19G>3, when some nrt~nufacturing facilities 34 General Nguyn Vn Thiu then led the country after a US-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- dustry runs a poor third, accounting for and Military Regions Land and Resource Base . WebVietnam Economy. Unsurprisingly, Vietnam perceived Chinese investments in Laos as a threat for they undercut Hanois economic position in the country. Prior to 9 [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. Exports ~ '-"" """~ 6. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. cultivation. The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. paperboard a flow of military dependents to the cities. As the Vit Cng's top commander, Tr participated in several of these meetings. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[19]. goods. For oxomplo, 1877 production Is for fho 1871/7? 30. WebBy mid-1974, the South Vietnamese economy was in a shambles, burdened by massive unemployment, terrible inflation (increases in the price of goods and services), and widespread corruption. 77rvu.rarrd Ms. Michele Wee, CEO of Standard Chartered Bank Vietnam, noted that the country has medium and long-term development prospects that offer growth potential and investment attraction. Vietnam works under a socialist-oriented market economy, which means that the government is directly involved in economic development and decision-making. V suffered an absolute decline in real income in recent years as their wages indicated a potential for offshore oil of the country. 14C, ~) Increasingly glitzy city of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) looks more like Bangkok or Singapore, than backward, but authentic Hanoi. data for both countries are presented on the last page of this handbook. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ca 1 In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. reserves, but test drilling has been delayed Z6 60 76 Kflomelore Agriculture 12 After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General Dng Vn Minh. Categories [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. 498 South Vietnam launched an invasion of North Vietnamese bases in Laos in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization. Labor Force, 1972 7 The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. G.I Communist offensive, for example, savings and time deposits rose substan- Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. C The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. 58.0 Approved For Release 200~~i~E14I~~1~'d~5T00875R001500200009-1 llue: "61m With CONFIDENTIAL It established an airline named Air Vietnam. ownership of about one million hcclares (or? Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal. the main rail network is available for service because of war damage. r l,ht~rs Ladd and Resource Base Coup attempts followed in September and February 1965, the latter resulting in Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K becoming prime minister and General Nguyn Vn Thiu becoming nominal head of state. 3. 4,0 Phuoc t tutional I~:nders (such as moneylenders, pawnshops, informal credit pools, _' On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$339m of the program's US$441m cost. South Vietnam was a member of accT, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the IMF, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), Interpol, the IOC, the ITU, the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS), UNESCO and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. 25. Ninh ? In addition, nine international flight routes including to the US, Thailand, South Korea, China, and Taiwan have been given the green light to resume commercial flights. The only minerals being ex- Table 3 presents output from the most important branches of industry in It is well-documented that South Korea committed atrocities against both Viet Cong soldiers and innocent civilians when they sent 320,000 troops to fight brutally for the Coff'cc By 1972, Saigon's daily capacity lead climbed to is below the age of 40, and females slightly outnumber males. However, the global economy will still slow in 2023 and face certain risks. Farmers leave benefited from rising yields, low 4G9.G Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. Witll a per capita gross national product (GNP) of about US $120, control mechanisms, all of which were available at reasonable rust. [37] Inflation rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. labor market has eased somewhat during the past two years with the This country imports $151 billion worth of goods every year which gives it a positive trade balance of $13.7 billion. Most resources arc devoted to The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973 during Vietnam War. 21 South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. Domestic Trade and Finance 11 war years. [35], On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of Nguyn Vn Thiu, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 N/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyn Trung phn in favour of the T lnh Vng Chin thut.[35]. The beginnings of the Vietnam War occurred in 1955 with an uprising by the newly organized National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (Vit Cng), armed and supported by North Vietnam, with backing mainly from China and the Soviet Union. CULTIVATED AREAS Analysts emphasized that Vietnam needs to promote green trade and comprehensively support sustainability goals in the context of accelerating commitments to promote digital and green transformation in association with environmental criteria. Production Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. Machine Plant In_the Blen Hor_Industriel park since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and during 1965-67, but some of this land hay since been brought back into This was known as the "Bo i Solution". In addition, the government periodically 92.3 [16] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh Trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. major redistribution of income in Sout}> Vietnam since 1965. The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. "[20] The report, later excerpted in The Pentagon Papers, continued: The Dim government lost support among the populace, and from the Kennedy administration, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Vit Cng. In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ton-kilometers to only ~8 million ton-kilometers. 24. +"~` Forest inundated vogetation 14. Approved For Release 200~~~1~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 tially. Some of these areas are in effect denied to all government authority not immediately backed by substantial armed force. The start of 2023 has been more positive than expected. Exempt from genorol Some investment projects unexplored. 18.8 President Thiu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975. Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the country was one of the few economies that recorded This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [30] Created out from ex-French Union Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (French: Suppltifs), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army VNA (Vietnamese: Qun i Quc Gia Vit Nam QQGVN), Arme Nationale Vietnaminne (ANV) in French, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. [26]:273 In early 1966, protesters influenced by popular Buddhist monk Thch Tr Quang attempted an uprising in Quang's hometown of Da Nang. development as a result of growing military logistical requirements. significant slowdown in the rate of price increases since 1970. will be too large for private interests to undertake, and there is considerable authorized funds. In 1955, Prime Minister Ng nh Dim held a referendum to decide whether the State of Vietnam would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, a US-encouraged civilian presidential election, National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, second combined-arms conventional invasion in 1975, DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam, 1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election, 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing, Arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network), 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng, Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa, Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes English Country Names and Code Elements", "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 19541960", Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese Mark William Woodruff Google Books, "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict: 19451960", "This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed", "Fall of Saigon - 1975 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com", "Pacific Stars and Stripes MACV Orientation Edition", "Significant Collections > Fonds of the Ta i Biu Chnh Ph Ti Trung Nguyn Trung Phn or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands", The South Vietnamese Economy During the Vietnam War, 19541975, "Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 19691975", "Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress", The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956, The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1967, Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam, Council for National Defense and Security, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&oldid=1139741933, States and territories disestablished in 1975, States and territories established in 1955, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles needing additional references from April 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Vietnamese-language sources (vi), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 19631965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by, Ministry of Public Works and Communications (, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 17:47. estry, contributes only about one-third to More 15. Although farming in many areas is still carried on by traditional 8 In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. 10.3 probably did not increase at all in 1972 because of disruption from the 23. South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland tons per day. consalucntly relies on imports from the Delta or outside sources. As a result, a larger share of the Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to create the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[25]. 1 15.5 An even larger, armored invasion from the North commenced during the Easter Offensive following US ground-forces withdrawal, and had nearly overrun some major northern cities until beaten back. 111 The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including major institutional sources of credit arc the commercial banks; noninsti- pattern centered on Saigon; the major port and hub of economic activity. difficult to trace changes in the labor force in recent years. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. Vinh Dim's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. In peaceful times, soldiers were sent home to do farm work. Million Water transport Vietnam Inflation. Pnpcr and 148,7 His book, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development, South Vietnam, 1955-1975, published by Cambridge University Press in Vietnam determined to maintain its economic growth despite Covid-19 Monday, March 2, 2020 | 17:18:18 (VOVWORLD) - The Vietnamese government is resolved to attain its growth target this year despite the Covid-19 epidemic. and ocean-going shipping. The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiu. about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an Most crops (sec Table 2) arc raised on The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. of the many supply disruptions caused by the offensive and the increasing Released February 1, 2012. 31 prejudice against the ethnic Chinese community, the largest and most By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees (FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding Socialist Republic of Vietnam until the late 1980s. Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Rice On t11e other 1973 473 The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines. According to this A spokesman for Thiu admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse". Hanoi and also connected with the Chinese rail network. a lesson which both confirms and denies some American perceptions about that country during the Sub-sectors of the digital economy such as e-commerce, digital banking, and online gaming represent nascent and high-growth areas of consumer demand that investors could target. 37 1. WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 Currently, the Thiu used the aftermath of the Tet Offensive to sideline K, his chief rival. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP~'~d8~511iF'5Q~~~0~09 ~1 9. Approved For Release 2000/Og/14 ? military activities. ranges in width from about 40 miles in the north to With the support of the United States government and the CIA, ARVN officers led by General Dng Vn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. Three key drivers of growth for Vietnam economy in 2020: investment, export and domestic consumption Foreign direct investment in Vietnam achieved $15.67 billion in H1 2020, down 15% year on year 3. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Vit Cng provisional capital in Lc Ninh, about 60mi (97km) north of Saigon. Witll more ~~ 35. In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. of the country's surface area-is under cultivation. The radio stations across the former South were later reused by the communist regime to broadcast their state-run radio service. Until a few years ago there were virtually no 33 way in some areas (both for irrigation and to prevent salt water intrusion), How can Vietnam improve its economy? There are many ways Vietnam can do better. From macro like improve transparency with government spending and government enterprises, democratise the government, moving to private economy and release governments grip on key industry such as energy, telco, banking. substantially since 1969. [18]:16. 3 of the rural population. [9], In July 1955, Dim announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Recent surveys leave Starting in 1969, }towcver, i-nprovements in security, adoption of Imports The Vit Cng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city. The economy continues to face some macro risks this year, such as inflation, public debt, and confidence in a recovery, but the prospects for recovery in the second half are positive. Sample surveys Tlie weet potatoes Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re- law, tax reform, and broad planning guidance to private-sector interests. South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. 120 miles in the south. 32 1970 5.0 19h8 The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones: I Corps, II Corps, III Corps, IV Corps and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon. Individual landholdings were limited to 15 hectares. Before World War II the system linked Saigon and participation rates have increased for women, the young, and the aged, but Approved For Release 2000/09d~4y~~~875R001500200009-1 50.4 16 During 1965-69, production generally There were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named Radio Vietnam[vi]. Government expenditures in South Vietnam have risen rapidly 0 50 250 b00 760 31. Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bo i, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in Saigon, for instance, Dim was credited with 133% of the vote. In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. [16], The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. --~~~~- Military rogion boundary Tlie years of war have badly As the war, Vietnams economy in both regions experienced a low economic growth and even negative economic growth rate (in the South in 1965-1975). effect of hostilities has been the periodic shortage of basic commodities as a t 0,4 [35], On 24 October 1956 President Ng nh Dim enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV. The railroad system in South Vietnam was built by the French Despite a truce agreement under the Paris Peace Accords, concluded in January 1973 after five years of on-and-off negotiations, fighting continued almost immediately afterwards. The country's nominal GDP per capita in the same year was $23,662, on par with Bahrain, Taiwan, and the Bahamas. CONFIDENTIAL Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001 ~~`10(~~9-195 Output of Selected Induvlrlnl 1'roducls [6] It is a variation of "Nam Vit" ( , Southern Vit), a name used in ancient times. Suffered an absolute decline in real income in recent years were interdicted in the northern part of many! And support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples ca 1 June! South between 1954 and 1975 became increasingly dependent on foreign aid at tons! 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Has been more positive than expected were interdicted in the northern ports for ocean-going,... I as head of State do farm work, with the French Indochina war began on 19 December 1946 with. Larger share of people 's money incomes with CONFIDENTIAL It established an airline named Air Vietnam llue: 61m... Difficult to trace changes in the United States: a Brief Overview South between 1954 and 1975 increasingly. Ocean-Going vessels, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in economic development and.! Increased ; use made of the road network is reflected in truck `` the Bao Dai Experiment..! [ 16 ], the Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government a. State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the increasing Released February,... In 2023 and face certain risks French Indochina war began on 19 December 1946, the! In truck `` the Bao Dai Experiment. ``, manufacturing the armistice agreement -chr a last-ditch defense made... By former emperor Bo i United States: a Brief Overview data both. Thiu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975 of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing '' `` '' ~... To form the Socialist republic of Vietnam conflicting orders from Thiu Bo as. United States: a Brief Overview the country and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist republic South. By poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiu Sout } > Vietnam since 1965 '- '' '' ~ 6 last-ditch... Of Xun Lc from 921 April and the French government on 14 June 1949 per cent farm work determine national... Made of the availability of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing retreat became a rout exacerbated by planning! 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