Previously, Vladimir the Great had established the cities of Halych and Volodymyr as regional capitals. The mountains range in height from about 2,000 feet (600 metres) to about 6,500 feet (2,000 metres), rising to 6,762 feet (2,061 metres) at Mount Hoverla, the highest point in the country. [35] This agreement was known as the Treaty of Pereyaslav. The Rada, the new Ukrainian parliament formed out of the previous Soviet legislature, votes to declare independence from the Soviet Union. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. During subsequent decades, Tsarist rule over central Ukraine gradually replaced 'protection'. In the 11th century, Kievan Rus' was geographically the largest state in Europe, becoming known in the rest of Europe as Ruthenia (the Latin name for Rus'), especially for western principalities of Rus' after the Mongol invasion. The Crimean Oblast was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954. Until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East,[31] exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 15001700. The capital is Kyiv, located on the Dnieper River in north-central Ukraine. On 1 December, voters approved a referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union. Gravitas Plus | Explained: The Russia-Ukraine crisis - YouTube Ukrainian pro-independence forces fought pro-Bolsheviks . West of the Volyn-Podilsk Upland, in extreme western Ukraine, the parallel ranges of the Carpathian Mountainsone of the most picturesque areas in the countryextend for more than 150 miles (240 km). The war stalled until 24 February 2022, when Russia launched a major invasion of much of the country. [70], On 21 April 2019, Volodymyr Zelenskyy was elected president in the second round of the presidential election. The Second World War began in September 1939, when Hitler and Stalin invaded Poland, the Soviet Union taking most of Eastern Poland. Independence was gained through a series of referendums with conflicting results. Kievan Rus was never a fully centralized state, but rather a loose aggregation of principalities ruled by members of the Rurikovich dynasty. Prehistoric Ukraine, as a part of the Pontic steppe in Eastern Europe, played an important role in Eurasian cultural contacts, including the spread of the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, Indo-European migrations and the domestication of the horse.[1][2][3]. declared sovereignty (July 16, 1990) and then outright independence (August 24, 1991), a move that was confirmed by popular approval in a plebiscite (December 1, 1991). When did Ukraine become independent from Russia? | Metro News During the late 19th century, heavy taxes, rapid population growth and lack of land impoverished the peasantry. A modern country. King of Poland adopted the tile of "lord and heir of Ruthenia" (Latin: Russiae dominus et Heres[27]). [54], During his presidency (20102014), Yanukovych and his Party of Regions were accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and of trying to destroy the main opposition party Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko, but both have denied these charges. ", This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 00:34. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7 pp 135138, pp 343345, The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,ISBN 0-19-860641-9,"page 1515,"The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516", . " ". "I don't think anyone was prepared when the actual invasion came," said John Sung Kim, CEO of the Tampa software engineering marketplace. The Khazars founded the Khazar kingdom near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. Russia and Ukraine: the tangled history that connectsand dividesthem Ukraine, an important republic of the former Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) from 1922-91, once hosted Soviet nuclear weapons and delivery systems on its territory. The Psychopathic President "Dementia Joe" | by Christian Lohr | Feb 3 mins ago. Ukraine declares its independence - HISTORY - Watch Full Episodes of [71] On March 4, 2020, due to a 1.5% drop in GDP (instead of a 4.5% increase at the time of the election), the Verkhovna Rada fired Honcharuk's government and Denys Shmyhal[72] became the new Prime Minister. As of March 30, one hryvnia = 0.026 of the British pound (GBP). By 1991, historians in Canada had freely explored a wide range of approaches regarding the emergence of a national identity. [79] In April 2014 Ukrainian separatists self-proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic and held referendums on 11 May 2014; the separatists claimed nearly 90% voted in favor of independence. After a Pannonian Avar raid in 602 and the collapse of the Antes Union, most of these peoples survived as separate tribes until the beginning of the second millennium. "When Putin says this is the heritage of these three Slavic peoplesin one sense, he's . The new cultural history, post-colonial studies, and the "linguistic turn" augmenting, if not replacing social history, allowed for multiple angles of approach. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine became an independent state, formalised with a referendum in December 1991. [78], The Crimean crisis was followed by pro-Russian unrest in east Ukraine and south Ukraine. When did Ukraine gain independence? - MSN "Conceptual Issues in Studying the History of the Ukrainian Revolution. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After the Union of Lublin in 1569 and the formation of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth Ukraine fell under the Polish administration, becoming part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. However, due to the current political climate caused by territorial sovereignty breaches by Russia, the role of Russians as "co-host" has been greatly minimized, and there are still unresolved difficult issues of the past, for example, the role of Ukrainians during the Holodomor. Voroshilov's characterization of Russia's past "enemies" seems eerily appropriate today in describing Russia's own actions vis--vis Ukraine. By the second half of 2015, independent observers noted that reforms in Ukraine had considerably slowed down, corruption did not subside, and the economy of Ukraine was still in a deep crisis. Some 1.5 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis during their occupation. In consequence, by the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, signed in 1686, the eastern portion of Ukraine (east of the Dnieper River) was to come under Russian rule,[5] 146,000 rubles were to be paid to Poland as compensation for the loss of the Right Bank of Ukraine,[6] and the parties agreed not to sign a separate treaty with the Ottoman Empire. As of 14 February, 2023, approximately 18.61 million people had fled Ukraine, and 5.35 million people were internally displaced as of January 2023. How Ukraine became Ukraine, in 7 maps - The Washington Post - Breaking 1h. In 1672, Podolia was occupied by the Turkish Ottoman Empire, while Kyiv and Braclav came under the control of Hetman Petro Doroshenko until 1681, when they were also captured by the Turks, but in 1699 the Treaty of Karlowitz returned those lands to the Commonwealth. And when Russian President Vladimir Putin took power a decade . Ukraine as a 'borderland': a brief history of Ukraine's place between [8] According to Jacek Staszewski, the treaty was not confirmed by a resolution of the Sejm until its 1764 session.[9]. In 1922, this republic became one of the founding members of the Soviet Union. Ukraine - Infoplease: An Online Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas In the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. From the 4th century, BC Celtic people lived in what is now Austria. Ukraine had experienced a . [86] On 25 May 2014, Petro Poroshenko was elected president[87] in the first round of the presidential election. In 1994, US forced Ukraine to give nuclear arsenal to Russia - Miami Herald After the downfall of Kyivan Rus' and GaliciaVolhynia, their political, cultural and religious life continued under Lithuanian control. A fully independent Ukraine emerged only late in the 20th century, after long periods of successive domination by Poland-Lithuania, Russia, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). Omissions? If you had . [108], After 1991, historical memory was a powerful tool in the political mobilization and legitimation of the post-Soviet Ukrainian state, as well as the division of selectively used memory along the lines of the political division of Ukrainian society. Why Ukraine Is Such A Big Deal For Russia : Parallels : NPR When did Ukraine gain independence from the Soviet Union? - Jagranjosh.com [101] After failing to gain further territories and being driven out of Kharkiv Oblast by a fast-paced Ukrainian counteroffensive,[102] Russia officially annexed the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, along with most of the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts on 30 September. [103], The scholarly study of Ukraine's history emerged from romantic impulses in the late 19th century when German Romanticism spread to Eastern Europe. Conflict among the various principalities of Rus', in spite of the efforts of Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh, led to decline, beginning in the 12th century. Association Trio is tripartite format for the enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the three countries (that have signed the Association Agreement with the EU) with the European Union on issues of common interest related to European integration, enhancing cooperation within the framework of the Eastern Partnership, and committing to the prospect of joining the European Union. [44] Residual small groups of the UPA-partizans acted near the Polish and Soviet border as long as to the 1950s. [20][21], In the 3rd century AD, the Goths arrived in the lands of modern Ukraine around 250375AD, which they called Oium, corresponding to the archaeological Chernyakhov culture. North of the Ostrogothic kingdom was the Kyiv culture, flourishing from the 2nd5th centuries, when it was also overrun by the Huns. In the Soviet Union, there was a radical break after 1921, led by Mikhail Pokrovsky. For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. ** 1991: Leonid Kravchuk, leader of the Soviet republic of Ukraine, declares Kiev . [61][62], Following the violence, the Ukrainian parliament on 22 February voted to remove Yanukovych from power (on the grounds that his whereabouts were unknown and he thus could not fulfil his duties), and to free Yulia Tymoshenko from prison. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Burkhard Herbote, tourism Hero. Until 1934, history was generally not regarded as chauvinistic, but was rewritten in the style of Marxist historiography. Also on 1 December 1991, Ukrainian voters in their first presidential election elected Leonid Kravchuk. Following the Battle of Poltava later in 1709, there was a diminishment in Hetmanate power, culminating with the disestablishment of the Cossack Hetmanate in the 1760s and the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich in the 1770s. The fate of the Ukrainians was far different under the Austrian Empire where they found themselves in the pawn position of the RussianAustrian power struggle for Central and Southern Europe. Ukraine is the second-largest European country, after Russia. Deadly violence engulfed Kyiv's Maidan, or Independence Square, in 2014 after the Ukrainian government, under pressure from Moscow, abandoned an agreement to strengthen ties with the European Union. With this, Ukraine's independence was formalized de jure and recognized by the international community. [79][81] By December 2014, more than 6,400 people had died in this conflict, and according to United Nations figures it led to over half a million people becoming internally displaced within Ukraine and two hundred thousand refugees to flee to (mostly) Russia and other neighboring countries. One of the largest is Lake Svityaz, 11 square miles (28 square km) in area, in the northwest. In 1253 he was cronwed by a papal delegation "King of Rus'" (Latin: rex Russiae); previously, the rulers of Rus' were termed "Grand Dukes" or "Princes.". . Later, industrialization arrived with the first railway track constructed in 1866. Most of Ukraine fell to the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine the Great; in 1793 right-bank Ukraine was annexed by Russia in the Second Partition of Poland.[37]. The Dnieper River, with its hydroelectric dams, huge reservoirs, and many tributaries, dominates the entire central part of Ukraine. Ukraine officially declared itself an independent country on 24 August 1991, when the communist Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Ukraine proclaimed that Ukraine would no longer follow the laws of USSR and only the laws of the Ukrainian SSR, de facto declaring Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union. It is situated both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the earth. The history between these two is long and often fraught with conflict. After about a century, however, Empress Catherine the Great (1762-96) of Russia abolished the hetmante, and absorbed the entire ethnic . The SovietUkrainian War (19171921) followed, in which the Bolshevik Red Army established control in late 1919. When did Ukraine gain its independence? | The Sun During the 14th and 15th centuries, present-day Ukrainian territories came under the rule of four external powers: the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Later historiographical trends were quickly adapted to the Ukrainian evidence, with special focus on Ukrainian nationalism. Some Cossacks were enlisted by the Commonwealth as soldiers to protect the southeastern borders of Commonwealth from Tatars or took part in campaigns abroad (like Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny in the battle of Khotyn 1621). On the first anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, China offered a 12-point proposal to end the war, which a senior diplomat had teased in Munich earlier this week TAIPEI, Taiwan -- One . In order to make the Mayor answerable to the public, we need to do two things: 1. The latter two would then merge into the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth following the Union of Krewo and Union of Lublin. Vladimir Putin won't have it. [55] One frequently cited example of Yanukovych's attempts to centralise power was the 2011 sentencing of Yulia Tymoshenko, which has been condemned by Western governments as potentially being politically motivated. The 20th-Century History Behind Russia's Invasion of Ukraine However, the Great Frost of 1709 between 1708 and 1709 greatly weakened the Swedish army. In . Following the Partitions of Poland (17721795) and the Russian conquest of the Crimean Khanate, the Russian Empire and Habsburg Austria were in control of all the territories that constitute present day Ukraine for a hundred years. [69] The next day, Tomos was brought to Ukraine for a demonstration at St. Sophia Cathedral. [18] The Copper Age people of the Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture resided in the western part, and the Sredny Stog Culture further east, succeeded by the early Bronze Age Yamna ("Kurgan") culture of the steppes, and by the Catacomb culture in the 3rd millennium BC. [23], In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Antes Union (a tribal federation) is generally regarded to have been located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. Ukraine under the Soviet Union. A chaotic period of warfare ensued after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as well as a simultaneous war in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria following the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy after World War I. It is estimated that 6 to 8 million people died from hunger in the Soviet Union during this period, of whom 4 to 5 million were Ukrainians. When President Leonid Kravchuk was elected by the Ukrainian parliament in 1990, he vowed to seek Ukrainian sovereignty. by Juergen T Steinmetz. Is Ukraine a democracy - The Washington Post While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Ukraine had experienced a brief period of independence in 191820, but portions of western Ukraine were ruled by Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia in the period between the two World Wars, and Ukraine thereafter became part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (S.S.R.). July 16, 1990. Also the Genoese founded some colonies in Crimean coasts until the Ottoman conquest in the 1470s. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Putin Calls Ukrainian Statehood a Fiction. History Suggests Otherwise. Independence from Moscow meant freedom from an orthodoxy that was never well suited to Ukrainian developments. The rivers are most important as a water supply, and for this purpose a series of canals has been built, such as the DonetsDonets Basin, the DnieperKryvyy Rih, and the North Crimea. Professor of Geography, University of Windsor, Ontario, Can. The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy did not say this. The 1861 emancipation greatly impacted Ukrainians as 42% of them were serfs. With the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, Ukraine gained full independence. The Crimean Mountains form the southern coast of the peninsula. It was finally achieved by Roman the Great (1197-1205), who not only united both Galicia and Volhynia, but also extended his rule to Kyiv for a short period of time. Lithuania rejects Soviet demand to renounce its independence PolitiFact | Marjorie Taylor Greene distorts Zelenskyy's comments about Lying between latitudes 44 and 53 N, and longitudes 22 and 41 E ., it is mostly in the East European Plain. Take the democratic process back from the decrepit dominant political parties and their consensus. They displaced the Sarmatians, but their own power was broken about 375 by the invading Huns from the east, who were followed in the 5th-6th centuries by the Bulgars and Avars. History of Ukraine - Wikipedia Amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine votes for independence in a referendum, with 92 percent of Ukrainians supporting independence . Lithuania took control of Polotsk, Volhynia, Chernihiv, and Kyiv following Battle of Blue Waters (1362/63), and the rulers of Lithuania then adopted the title of ruler of Rus'. [12] Subsequently however, the economy experienced a high increase in GDP growth until the economy plunged during the Great Recession.[13]. The partially-recognised Ukrainian People's Republic emerged from its own civil war of 1917-1921. Smaller reservoirs are located on the Dniester and Southern Buh rivers and on tributaries of the Donets River. [95][96], The Kerch Strait incident occurred on 25 November 2018 when the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) coast guard fired upon and captured three Ukrainian Navy vessels attempting to pass from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov through the Kerch Strait on their way to the port of Mariupol. Cabo Verde | South African History Online Still, Ukraine has to demonstrate its partners that the standards are being implemented. [14][15] The earliest documented evidence of Modern humans are found in Gravettian settlements dating to 32,000 BC in the Buran-Kaya cave site of the Crimean Mountains.[16][17]. [97][98], Throughout 2021, Russian forces built up along the Russia-Ukraine Border, in occupied Crimea and Donbas, and in Belarus. [4] Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. [107] since 2015, there has been renewed interest in integrating a "territorial-civic" and "linguistic-ethnic" history of Ukraine. Together with Russia, Ukraine was a part of the former Soviet Union but its population voted overwhelmingly for independence in 1991, which ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union staying together even on a . One reason for this, as NPR's Greg Myre reported, is that Russian President Vladimir Putin wants to stem his country's decline in global influence: Moscow's leverage in places like Ukraine is one . [35] Commonwealth authorities then sought compromise with the Ukrainian Cossack state by signing the Treaty of Hadiach in 1658, butafter thirteen years of incessant warfarethe agreement was later superseded by the 1667 PolishRussian Treaty of Andrusovo, which divided Ukrainian territory between the Commonwealth and Russia. If an SVG . Ukraine said it had survived a months-long winter onslaught of Russian strikes on water and energy infrastructure, as it marked the first day of spring Wednesday.But Kyiv was under fierce pressure in the eastern town of Bakhmut while Moscow said it had downed a "massive" barrage of Ukrainian drones launched at the Crimean peninsula, annexed by the Kremlin in 2014. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Ukraine, Ukraine - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ukraine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Biden and Scholz: US, Germany in 'lockstep' on Ukraine war, Zelenskyy tells US, Europe law chiefs Russia must face court, US sending bridge-launchers to Ukraine for spring fight, US sanctions Russian officials over dissident's detention, Why purported cross-border attack ups ante in Ukraine war. During the 19th century, Russophilia was a common occurrence among the Slavic population, but the mass exodus of Ukrainian intellectuals escaping from Russian repression in Eastern Ukraine, as well as the intervention of Austrian authorities, caused the movement to be replaced by Ukrainophilia, which would then cross over into the Russian Empire. [citation needed], In the Scythian campaign of Darius I, Darius' army subjugated several Thracian peoples, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the Black Sea, such as parts of nowadays Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, before it returned to Asia Minor. Some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist underground formed a Ukrainian Insurgent Army that fought both Soviet forces and the Nazis. My Dogs React to the Hot Dog Challenge - YouTube Several of the larger rivers are navigable, including the Dnieper, Danube, Dniester, Pripet (Prypyat), Donets, and Southern Buh (in its lower course). The country of nearly 45 million people, assaulted from Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, and Russian . It reached its highest importance during the reigns of Vladimir the Great and Yaroslav the Wise. [80][79] Later in April 2014, fighting between the Ukrainian army and pro-Ukrainian volunteer battalions on one side, and forces supporting the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics on the other side, escalated into the War in Donbas. Sporadic Cossack uprisings were now aimed at the Russian authorities, but eventually petered out by the late 18th century, following the destruction of entire Cossack hosts. On May 19, 2018, Poroshenko signed a Decree which put into effect the decision of the National Security and Defense Council on the final termination of Ukraine's participation in the statutory bodies of the Commonwealth of Independent States. But the historical reality of Ukraine is complicated . Ukraine will become a Nato member in the 'long term', the head of the military alliance said today, amid Vladimir Putin's war in the country.. Many new cities and villages were founded & links between different Ukrainian regions, such as Halych Land and Volhynia were greatly extended.[33]. When the Soviet Union began to unravel in 199091, the legislature of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, the Ukrainian . During the Great Northern War, Hetman Ivan Mazepa allied with Charles XII of Sweden in 1708. Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov, Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds, The Party of Regions monopolises power in Ukraine, Ukraine launches battle against corruption, Ukraine:Journalists Face Uncertain Future, "Our Ukraine comes to defense of Tymoshenko, Lutsenko, Didenko, Makarenko in statement", "U.S. Government Statement of Concern about Arrest of Former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko", https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14459446, "Ukraine 'still wants to sign EU deal' | News | al Jazeera", Ukraine crisis: Police storm main Kyiv 'Maidan' protest camp, "Ukraine crisis: Renewed Kyiv assault on protesters", "Ukraine crisis: Yanukovych announces 'peace deal', "Profile: Ukraine's ousted President Viktor Yanukovych", "European Commission - EU-Ukraine Association Agreement fully enters into force", " - ", " ", "The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal", " '- ", " ' ", "Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine Inaugurate 'Lublin Triangle', ", ", "Brussels Summit Communiqu issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021", " 2024 ", "Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union', Putin Tells Separatists In Ukraine To Postpone May 11 Referendum, "Ukraine rebels hold referendums in Donetsk and Luhansk", "Russian Roulette (Dispatch Thirty-Eight)", Ukraine underplays role of far right in conflict, Fergal Keane reports from Mariupol on Ukraine's 'frozen conflict', Half a million displaced in eastern Ukraine as winter looms, warns UN refugee agency, Ukraine conflict: Refugee numbers soar as war rages, UN Says At Least 6,400 Killed In Ukraine's Conflict Since April 2014, "Petro Poroshenko becomes President of Ukraine", "Ukraine Is in Danger of Becoming a Failed State", "Ukraine's constitution: reform or crisis? The Tomos was presented to the head of the OCU, Metropolitan Epiphanius, during a joint liturgy with the Ecumenical Patriarch. After independence, a high priority in Canada was assisting in the freeing of Ukrainian scholarship from Soviet-Marxist orthodoxywhich downplayed Ukrainian nationalism and insisted that true Ukrainians were always trying to reunite with Russia. While right-bank Ukraine belonged to the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth until late 1793, left-bank Ukraine had been incorporated into Tsardom of Russia in 1667 (under the Treaty of Andrusovo). The capital is Kyiv, located on the Dnieper River in north-central Ukraine. After suppressing the November Uprising of 1830, the tsarist regime instituted Russification policies on the Right Bank. Ukrainian writers and intellectuals were inspired by the nationalistic spirit stirring other European peoples existing under other imperial governments. It officially became an independent country just over 30 years ago, in December 1991. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the General Assembly, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc. Despite the Cossack's military usefulness, the Commonwealth, dominated by its nobility, refused to grant them any significant autonomy, instead attempting to turn most of the Cossack population into serfs. At the end of the 1st century BC, the Romans conquered the region as far north as the River Danube and in 45 AD they created the province of Noricum. ", Serhy Yekelchyk, "Studying the Blueprint for a Nation: Canadian Historiography of Modern Ukraine,", Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 00:34, History of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (15691648), were inspired by the nationalistic spirit, Ukrainian linguistic and cultural traditions, partition of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth.

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